Can Rational Choice Theory Explain Cyber Terrorism in the United Research Paper

Can Rational Choice Theory Explain Cyber Terrorism in the United States - Research Paper Example This defines the scope of cyber terrorism and I, in this paper, explore the scope of cyber terrorism and existence of a relationship between the scope of cyber terrorism and Rational Choice Theory and the theory’s applicability to cyber terrorism in the United States. Cyber terrorism The definition of cyber terrorism is controversial because of differences in professional perspectives. Information technology experts, for example, dispute diversified opinions over the term cyber terrorism and existence of such a crime. There are however many security based definitions of cyber terrorism and their consideration can coin a comprehensive meaning. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), defines cyber terrorism as an offensive that employs â€Å"computer or communication networks† to inflict significant harm or disorientation with the aim of creating â€Å"fear or to intimidate† a group in order to achieve an objective (Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terro rism, 2008, p. 119). The organization however identifies limitation in this definition because of lack of the physical aspects in the scope of the alleged attacks. The National Infrastructure Protection Center however offers a more comprehensive definition that incorporates elements of violence in the offensive acts, confusion as the attackers’ intentions, and â€Å"political and social† influence as possible objectives (Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, 2008, p. 119). The federal Bureau of Investigations further incorporates pre-established plans into the acts that majorly target civilians (Centre of Excellence Defence Against Terrorism, 2008). Cyber terrorism is therefore a planned attack on a civilian group that is affiliated to a target political force, implemented using computer based applications and communication systems and leads to violence, destruction of property and disorientations in order to instill fear and intimidate people into the offend er’s desires political, social, or ideological needs. Elements of cyber terrorism The scope of cyber terrorism identifies many elements. One of its major elements is the speed with which it is executed and the number of people that it affects. Being an illegal act that authorities would wish to divert, the crime is conducted at a swift speed to ensure success through avoiding possible prevention measures. The faster nature of the crime also identifies with its medium of execution, the internet, which is instant. Cyber terrorism also affects many people because of the medium’s property and the crime’s aims. The internet condenses data and this means that extensive information that affects many people can be targeted by a single attack. Further, communication through the internet is fast, information is accessible to many people, and this spreads impacts of the offensive to a wider population (Keene, 2011). Illegal access to a system is another feature of cyber te rrorism whose scope includes hacking of a target’s website to interfere with its data or use the site to communicate the terrorists’ intended messages (Broadhurst, 2004). Application of computer and computer-based applications is another element of the

Summarize chapter 16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize chapter 16 - Essay Example The wheels are made in two halves which need to be matched by manufacturer and part number. d. Air craft Tire Construction. Air craft tires are tubeless tires designed to with stand high speed along with static and dynamic loading. Unlike automobile aircraft tires fail under continuous operation. e. Tire Specification The specification details are mentioned on the side walls of tires and available in manufacturer’s data sheets. These include ply rating, load rating, speed rating, retread history etc. m. Coefficient of Friction. The stopping of aircraft on runway after application of brakes is the function of friction of tire and runway. The value used in all deceleration calculation is coefficient of friction which is the ratio between the force needed between the two surfaces to slide against each other and force holding them. The coefficient is measured from MU meter and diagonally brake

Hrd Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Hrd Practice - Essay Example Information was gathered and notes taken through personal discussions with HRD personnel, management and a number of personnel affected by these systems. Data on attrition rates, performance appraisals, and career development was garnered from the meticulous records maintained by the ORTD. This data was allowed to be drawn for study only and not allowed to be used in this report. The main findings included in the following report are that ABC has a clear view of its mission and objectives and HRD strategy is visibly and strongly linked to the overall plans. The two areas studied are well developed and effectively used. This report offers some recommendations to further strengthen these. This report is written at the conclusion of a study of Human Resource Development (HRD) practices in an existing company (ABC, at their request). Theoretical inputs received during class and the thinking of various experts was compared with actual practice, to develop deeper understanding of HRD. HRD embraces a large range of activities aimed at bringing out the best in each individual to meet organizations' objectives this study was limited to two areas, Career Development and Performance Appraisal. ABC adopts a paternalistic approach and shows total involvement in the welfare of the employee both on and away from the workplace. In all dealings with employees the company makes a conscious attempt to integrate feelings, priorities and welfare of the employees' family. ABC also has well thought out medium and long term plans for growth and consolidation and its efforts at career planning and development are fully integrated into them. Manning and skill level requirements of the organisation as it evolves and grows in the next five years are written and HRD responds to this through its activities of recruitment, training and development of in-house human resources. Lateral recruitment at higher levels is rare. 2.0 Industry Studied - Overview 2.1 Background The Organisation selected for study is a large company, employing about 3,600 personnel. The company manufactures fertilizers, PVC and Cement and is essentially chemical technology driven. The company is very successful in its performance as is

Define your concept of a college education, and what a college Essay

Define your concept of a college education, and what a college education means to you - Essay Example This paper will attempt to explore the importance of college education in an individual’s life and why is it worth the amount of time, hard work and money that students invests on their college education. Tamara Draut in her article ‘Whats a Diploma Worth, Anyway?’ quotes, â€Å"Getting a bachelors degree is the required ticket for entry into the middle class today, but the security once implied in that status is gone. In addition to the exigencies now felt by middle-class Americans of all ages -- rising health care costs, soaring home prices and flat or falling incomes -- todays new generation of college grads bear an added vulnerability of massive debt† (Draut, 203). Personally speaking, nothing is further from truth. College education serves a more profound purpose than providing a promising for a prosperous life. Several evidences points to this very fact. First, not all people, who graduate from elite branded colleges, end up successful and neither all the graduates of mediocre schools stay unsuccessful all their lives. On the contrary, everyone hear rags-to-riches stories about people who attended mediocre colleges or did not go to one at all and did great. Examples include Bill Gates, the founder of Windows and Steve Jobs, the creator and owner of Apple. In addition, there are evidences of graduates of Harvard, Stanford, and Cambridge working at mediocre companies and living an average life. Thus, there is no black and white rule that promises successful prospects after college education. The question now arises, why go to college if a dropout can achieve so much more without a degree? How is it prudent to invest so much money and time in a venture, which is not even remotely reassuring of a good future? The answer lies in under the covers of salary, degree, and fame. The college education serves the purpose of character building. It deepens the attitude and dampens the soul of those who take it seriously. When one studies the

STRONG LETTER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

STRONG LETTER - Essay Example Without education, it will be impossible for me to get a suitable job that can help me in paying back my loan. I do not want to be dismissed from the university after coming this far. I assure you that I will focus more on my studies now as I have more time for studies now as compared to before. Earlier, I was the only source of income for my family due to which I did not have much time to spend on studies. However, my life has changed recently. My wife has started working due to which I have more time to study now. It will be difficult for me to cut off from studies at this point of time when I have completed the major portion of my degree. I have completed all of my courses and have met all the requirements of becoming a physician. All I need to do is to pass the board exam to complete my medical degree. I understand the consequences of failing my board exam. I know that I will have no chance for residency in this country without this degree. I also know that without this degree, I will not be able to get any job here in the United States. I may have hard time to practice in the United States, but I can return home where my degree will be very valuable. I am taking this exam very seriously. It was just a mistake that I made a wrong choice by writing the clinical skills (CS) part before writing the critical knowledge (CK) part in the board exam. I assure you that I will not repeat this mistake if given a chance to continue my study. I have also registered for a program that I think will be very helpful for doing CK, CS, and NYCSPrep. The program director, Dr. Lakshman Somasundararam, is a practicing physician and he has promised to help me. He wants me to complete CK before doing CS. He has also assigned a mentor who will help me in studying CK for the next two months. He can be contacted on my behalf at (917) 349-2605. Please, I am asking for a chance to allow me to pursue my degree. Having come to this point and

Politics in East London Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics in East London - Research Paper Example This paper discusses the current political system and main challenges encountered by Hackney, Croydon, Tower Hamlets, and Lewisham. Response of the boroughs to the Alternative Vote (AV) The residents of Hackney responded differently to the Alternative Vote (AV) than the common response of the residents of the rest of the three boroughs of East London. While the residents of Lewisham, Croydon, and Tower Hamlets voted against the AV, only Hackney supported the Westminster Electoral system’s reform in the referendum of 2011. According to the statistics noted by Brown (2011), in the electorate’s 34.23 per cent turnout, electoral reforms endorsement in Hackney happened with a majority of 10,905. 39.32 per cent of the people voted against whereas 60.68 per cent of them voted in favor. A turnout of 35.9 per cent was observed in Croydon and most of the residents i.e. 67.01 per cent voted against whereas only 32.99 per cent voted in favor. The response from the residents of Lewi sham was much similar to that of Croydon as 50.65 per cent of the residents of Lewisham voted against any alteration in the First Past the Post system. In Tower Hamlets, 54.17 per cent of the residents voted against and the rest voted in favor of choosing a new way to elect Webminster’s MPs. According to the opinion polls, the No Campaign had received a victory across the country. This served as a blow to the Liberal Democrats who had been heavily defeated in the local elections and others who wanted a preferential system of voting. Comparison of severity of main issues in the boroughs London Poverty Profile (2010) drew a comparison between the level of severity in the issues of low income and benefits, low pay, low education attainment, ill health, and inadequate housing among London’s boroughs. According to London’s Poverty Profile (2010), of the four boroughs in the East London, two with the comparatively greatest problems of â€Å"low income and benefitsâ⠂¬  include Hackney and Tower Hamlets, Lewisham has comparatively lesser issues of low income and benefits whereas these issues are the least in Croydon. The issue of â€Å"low pay† is the most severe in Hackney, its severity is almost the same in Croydon and Lewisham, whereas low pay as the issue is the least severe in Tower Hamlets. The issue of â€Å"low education attainment† is the most severe in Hackney, its level of severity is lesser in Lewisham, whereas its level of severity in Croydon and Tower Hamlets is the lowest. The severity of the issue â€Å"ill health† is maximal in Hackney, lesser and almost the same in Lewisham and Tower Hamelts, and is the least in Croydon. The issue of â€Å"inadequate housing† is the most severe in Tower Hamlets, its level of severity is lesser in Hackney, it is even lesser in Lewisham, whereas the level of severity is the lowest in Croydon. Government-imposed cuts in public spending and its effects in the boroughs The Coalition Government in the UK is attempting to reduce the deficit in budget by bringing immediate and deep cuts in the public spending. The government claims of implementing progressive and fair cuts and of protecting the most vulnerable. Nevertheless, it is hard to make such reductions in public spending without having any negative implications for the most vulnerable communities. Hackney is the second most deprived borough in the UK after Brent and is likely to experience loss of money by as many as 6790 poor households as a result of the

Positive and negative aspects of e-business for traditional retailing Essay

Positive and negative aspects of e-business for traditional retailing and whole-selling organisations - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that e-business or e-commerce is a significant trend in today’s business environment which is fundamentally facilitating change in the method of conducting commercial activities. E-business provides exceptional opportunities for retail and wholesale organisations by helping to overcome the geographic limitations. Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can mainly benefit from e-business through collecting valuable information easily, promoting themselves through the internet and serving consumers in new markets with comparatively little cost than traditional business practices. E-business refers utilisation of information and communication technology (ICT) in the business environment which comprises knowledge and data exchange, web advertisements, online ordering and real–time delivery information among others. E-business implementation makes retail and wholesale organisations to rearrange the business procedures and to distribute goods and services more competently and effectually. However, despite rapid and sustained development of e-business several retail stores and wholesale organisations are still in the investment and brand development stage and have not utilised the benefits properly. E-businesses usually concentrate on the visual appearance and ease of use of their portals as a primary way for enlarging the customer base. The impact of e-business on retail stores and wholesale organisations is determined by the level to which they match the present retailing as a substitute channel or swaps existing networks. Environmental forces such as demographical, cultural, lifestyle, fashions, economic and political pressures and other commercial expansions impact the future possibility and practice of e-business in retail and whole-sale organisations. E-business is simply an enabler which results in retail or wholesale procedure innovation, where the products and the goods remain same. E-business acts as a re placement network which has resulted in fundamental alterations in shopping practices (Burt & Sparks, 2003). Positive Impact