Public Administration and business management Research Paper

Public Administration and business management - Research Paper Example They are involved in the business of making policies and rules and regulations through which they manage the private and the public sector. Businesses have to ensure that they abide by the policies set by the public administrators in order to ensure that they do not cross the line and fall in the category of anti-social organizations (Denhardt, 2011, p.51). Business management even involves the facet of managing people but they can only control behavior of those people that are working within the organizations and set policies to govern these individuals (Denhardt, 2009, p.5). Those students who are involved in the study of public management learn about managing the macro level of the common population and those individuals who are enrolled in business management courses are involved in the learning of how to manage people at a micro level. Another reason due to which business management cannot be referred to as public administration is that the rules of business management are obtai ned from the policies and guidelines created by the people who are related to the field of public

Reception of Video Art in Galleries

Reception of Video Art in Galleries Critically examine the notion that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery situation Introduction Video art began as an avant-garde movement that challenged the very nature of art in the 1960’s and 1970’s with the likes of Nam June Paik, Bruce Nauman and Stuart Marshall. These artists created powerful pieces in response to the mainstream explosion of cinema and television, and as a challenge to the traditional artistic forms of painting and sculpture. The artists helped to bring art closer to the general public and relieved artists of the need to create specific objects. However, as technology has grown and video art has become more popular, it has moved from the fringes of art to the mainstream setting of the art gallery.[1] Before this the art gallery was a place for traditional forms of art such as painting and sculpture. One of the most interesting topics of discussion regarding video art is how this move into art galleries has changed the reception to video art. It is argued that the reception of video art is strongly affected by being seen in an art gallery si tuation. The aim of this essay is to critically examine this claim, and see how the setting of video art affects the perception of such art. This will be done by look at how setting influences artistic reception, looking at the reception of video art in gallery settings and other settings, and also how the medium of video art itself can influence the gallery experience. Influence of setting on art There are a number of studies and theories regarding the influence of setting on art and artistic reception in various mediums. It is clear that within video art the addition of a gallery setting would change the nature of the art itself. The earliest forms of video art were all on single screens outside of the art gallery setting, and the works were very much of a particular moment in time and had a fairly short lifespan as artistic pieces.[2] However, as video art moved into a gallery setting it merged with other forms of art to create the video installation. This meant the video art was now based in an environment – embedded in a particular time and space. This gave a physical aspect to vide art that had not previously been seen, and has had a major influence on the genre. Installation art is now one of the most common forms of video art, particularly in a gallery setting as it allows video artists to experiment in more ways than ever before. [3] This has meant that video art has merged into other genres, and become part of a larger multi-media, multi-form type of art rather than being a type of visual art on its own. The nature of galleries means that purely video art is being replaced with installation art as it has a more physical presence than traditional video art that was the antithesis of traditional physical art. [4]Another factor worth considering is the psychological aspect of reception towards art in a certain setting. Art that is viewed within a gallery setting may well be seen as more ‘respectable’ and ‘valuable’ than art seen in other settings, but it may also be seen as more ‘traditional’ and constrained than art outside of a gallery setting. There seems to be little research on this particular point, but the researcher supposes that this sort of difference in reception could be possible. Another factor with video art is that the setting of the art might determine how the art is created in itself. Video artists see their projects almost as their children, and therefore want it shown in a particular way as it was intended. If a video art piece was intended to be spontaneous and viewed in a casual setting, then a gallery viewing of such a piece may limit its effectiveness, or even possibly change its meaning altogether.[5] The reception of video art in a gallery setting Video art in a gallery setting is often received differently to how it might be received in a non-gallery setting. Video art in a gallery and video art in another setting may be the separation between what is known as ‘art’ and what is simply known as ‘media’ or ‘television’. The move of video art into the gallery setting has supported its claim to be a mainstream art form. This validation of video art, merely by being seen in an art gallery setting has moved it away from the medium of television and towards the concept of philosophical aesthetics. This is a major shift in the reception of video art from simply a popular culture medium to a valid and critical artistic medium.[6] Another way to look at it is that perhaps the reception of video art is not changed within a gallery setting, but that the actual form of the video art is in fact changed within the gallery setting. Rather than being video art in the form of tape, video art in a gallery setting is either in the form of a live video performance or as an art installation combined with other physical forms of art such as architecture, sculpture, or other interactive multi-media forms. The only way to really determine this is by viewing art exhibitions in both a gallery and non-gallery setting to see if the reception has indeed changed. However, at this point there is very little research on this area as most art pieces are created for one specific setting rather than multiple settings. Therefore, it seems more likely that in many cases the reception of the art is not influenced by setting, but the creation of the art itself is influenced by the setting it is to be placed in.[7] The biggest change perhaps is that video art has moved from the single-screen, non site-specific form to the site-specific installation form. In the original single screen form, which is close to the medium of television, then the gallery setting is unlikely to alter the reception of the art piece. This is because the piece is setting-neutral and will be interpreted individually by each person regardless of setting. However, the form of video art in galleries today is generally installation art, which is site-specific. The art has been created with a specific setting in mind, surrounded by other art forms. In this case the reception of the art would be changed in different settings, but it is unlikely that a site-specific piece would be viewed outside of a gallery or its specific setting.[8] Influence of video art on the gallery experience Video art has been influenced by the gallery setting in its creation more than its specific reception, but video art and other multi-media art has also influenced the gallery experience and changed the way in which art can be perceived. The placement of video art and other multi-media art forms within galleries has challenged the nature of what ‘art’ is and has changed the nature of a gallery. Before this, art in galleries was limited to paintings and sculptures, and therefore the definition of ‘art’ was concerned with things that hung on walls or sat on pedestals. Video art added a completely new element to the gallery space and changed the gallery experience itself. The previous ‘empty space’ in the gallery was now utilized as a part of the artistic framework rather than merely somewhere to display objects. The empty gallery becomes a place for performance and ideas in itself, and space became just as important as the objects within the galler y.[9] Art shifted from the premise of ‘art as object’ to one of ‘art as idea and action’. This not only changed the way in which galleries were seen, but also changed the nature of video art by putting it firmly in the realm of ‘acceptable’ art rather than merely a part of popular culture. It helped to separate video art from the medium of television, drawing a distinct line between the two. It also helped video art to merge into other art forms, and for other forms of art to embrace the influence of video.[10] Furthermore, the acceptance of video art influence the gallery experience by letting other newer formats over the last few years to infiltrate the once sacred gallery space. Computer visuals, Internet exhibits and even live musical and dramatic performance are now part of the gallery experience in many places – something that would have been almost unheard of 30 or 40 years ago.[11] Finally, the acceptance of video art in a gallery setting has influenced the way in which new galleries are designed and laid out. Rather than simply having traditional spaces for paintings and sculptures, new gallery designs incorporate larger areas for performance, installation art and other multi-media art forms. The influence of video art on the gallery experience is perhaps just as strong as the influence of the gallery setting on video art.[12] Conclusion The notion that the reception of video art is strongly influenced by the gallery setting is somewhat misleading. Whilst there is clear evidence that the genre of video art has been massively influenced by the gallery reception, this is more to do with the creation of art rather than its reception. Of course, its reception in terms of its acceptance and standing within the artistic community and amongst the general public has been heightened by its introduction into the gallery setting. However, the major change has been in the move from site-neutral, single screen video art to larger, multi-media installations that incorporate video art and are often site-specific within the gallery setting. Conversely, video art has a significant effect on the gallery experience. It has changed the nature of what constitutes art and what a gallery should look like, as well as pave the way for other newer forms of art to be accepted within the gallery setting. Over the last thirty or forty years, the acceptance of video art into the gallery setting has changed both the way in which video art is commonly created, as well as change the way the gallery setting as a whole is viewed and used. Bibliography Balagopal, R., 2005. Installation Art. (Online). Available at: http://infopedia.nlb.gov.sg/Research/articles/PFInstallationArt.pdf (Accessed 11th August 2008). Bruce, B.C., 2000. The Work of Art in the Age of Digital Reproduction. Journal of Adolescent Adult Literacy, 44(1), p. 66. Carter, C.L., 1979. Aesthetics, Video Art and Television. Leonardo, 12(4), pp. 289-293. Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005. Video Art : A Guided Tour. London: I.B. Tauris. Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995. Video/Media Culture of the Late Twentieth Century. Art Journal, 54(4), pp. 20-25. Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999. Authorizing Art: The Effect of Multimedia Formats on the Museum Experience. The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 36(2), p. 199+. London, B., 1996. Video Spaces. Performing Arts Journal, 18(3), pp. 14-19. Lovejoy, M., 2004. Digital Currents: Art in the Electronic Age. New York: Routledge. McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002. From Celluloid to Cyberspace: The Media Arts and the Changing Arts World. Santa Monica, CA: Rand. Millard, R., 2005. Notebook: Buying Video Art Is Not at All Simple. Artists Sell to Who They like, and Dictate How the Work Is Shown. New Statesman, 134(4730), p. 41. Phelan, A., 1984. The Impact of Technology and Post Modern Art on Studio Art Education. Art Education, 37(2), pp. 30-36. Suderburg, E., 2000. Space, Site, Intervention: Situating Installation Art. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Footnotes [1] Elwes, C., Neshat, S., and University of the Arts London., 2005, pp. ix-x [2] London, B., 1996, p. 14. [3] Hanhardt, J.G., Villasenor, M.C., 1995, pp. 20-21 [4] Balagopal, R., 2005. [5] Millard, R., 2005. [6] Carter, C.L., 1979, p 289. [7] Carter, C.L., 1979, p. 290 [8] Suderburg, E., 2000, pp. 2-14 [9] Phelan, A., 1984, pp. 30-33 [10] Lovejoy, M., 2004, pp. 101-103 [11] McCarthy, K.F., and Ondaatje, E.H., 2002, pp. 53-54 [12] Lisus, N.A., and Ericson, R.V., 1999, pp. 199-201

The Protestant Reformation Essay examples -- Martin Luther, venality,

During the Late Middle Ages, Christian followers and clergy were becoming increasingly concerned about the corruption of the church. Some had even declared that the dogma was false, however, the church had dealt with similar challenges before. In the 1500’s a new series of attacks on the church’s authority had started to destroy Christianity creating both political and cultural consequences. At the center of the changes happening in Germany was Martin Luther who lived between 1483 and 1546. His life began simply enough. His father was a merchant and his grandfather was a peasant. Luther originally went to university to become a lawyer, when he had, â€Å"the calling† to become a not-so-humble Augustinian monk in 1505. He spent his life studying theology, becoming a cherished professor at the University of Wà ¼rttemberg in Germany. He was concerned to the point of obsession about sin and his search for salvation, and with help from his studies and desire for the truth; he became one of the biggest critics of the Catholic Church. Luther had many issues with the church, but his loathing for venality, the selling of things the church deems as taboo or illegal, and especially that of indulgences was what broke the camel’s back. These indulgences, which the church issued so, someone might be forgiven of their sins, was a considerable source of profits by as early as the 1400’s. Luther was vehemently against the trading of relics associated with Saint. He felt it encouraged superstition and pagan thoughts of magic, bringing them further from the true faith of the Christian beliefs. Luther’s most important criticisms had to do with the Catholic Theology. His argument was this: The Church had gotten away from the fundamentals of the... ...lvinists, which was the catalyst to the Hundred Years War. The Catholic church was losing ground physically and in the hearts of the people. While there were still a great many who remained loyal to Catholicism, there were still people like Calvin, King Henry VIII and Luther who felt the need to call the Catholics out on the problems within their faith, and how it was affecting everyone else. The reforms that had begun through the Lutheran folks, pushed its way through Europe which caused the Catholic church to become nervous. The Catholics fought back vigerously, but to no avail. The Lutherans, Calvins, Puratins and the countless other denominations formed from this big mess that has helped shape the modern world. Works Cited Hickey, M. "The Protestant Reformation." Western Civilization to 1650. Bloomsburg University, Bloomsburg. 4 Dec. 2013. Lecture.

How to Be Successful Business Manager

How to be successful Business Manager Introduction Everyone desired to success. In the business field, becoming a successful manager is what the majority long for . No body changes into a well-rounded manager overnight. Learning is necessary for everyone during this process. â€Å"People learn to manage by managing under guidance of a good manager†Ã¢â‚¬â€-Michael Armstrong. Experiences can undoubtedly be an excellent tutor for success, but having a good guide can further allow one to make use of his or her experiences into the largest extent. Being a successful manager requires a huge amount of skills and knowledge.In this paper, not all elements will be mentioned, but the five essential elements have been chosen to be discussed: work smart , risk management, interpersonal talent and skills, Self-management and Leadership skills. Work Smart – Work Effectively and Efficiently To express how to work smartly, Susanne Madsen, a PRINCE2 and MSP practitioner and a qualified Corporate and Executive coach, tells us her tale of success. Work smarter, not harder, as explained by Susanne, means working less and accomplishing more by increasing the working quality. (2)To get things done wisely, she highlights the significance for correcting one’s internal persuasion and attitude towards his or her task that it is not a burden. One could , then, get the vigor for working again. According to the writer’s own experience, she shows that self-assessment and continuous self-adjustment are the paramount importance for success. She also suggests two key points: first, is deputation. A manager should depute the less vital jobs to the others and use those times to communicate more with the major person associated to the project for developing a better linkage with them.Second, is initiative. A manager should get a more well-round plan at the beginning instead of responding the incident or risk when it has been occurred. I am glad to read the inspirationa l article written by a top leader in the world. She gives a great arousal to me. Her sharing and skills are useful, not only at the workplace, but also at the senior academic level. I believe that many college students, just like me, are having the improper belief that the project is burdensome. Why can’t I alter my mindset to abandon the constraints and step up to success smartly?Just try it! Self-management Walter Vieira (2005) proves that people refuse to face realistic self-image and idealistic self-image is biased,(p. 33) and so to evade the results of their SWOT analysis which about their advantages, disadvantages, opportunities and threat environment. (p. 34) However, people do not understand their strength and weakness, will not be able to strengthen and improve , they cannot develop their abilities. In addition, they need to assess that whether they have the basis element include a positive goal, ambition and energy .They also need to know whether they have clearly a ware of their thoughts adaptable ,witty and creativity. He said that people have two reason of requesting an identity, one is for higher living standards, and another is satisfying others' expectation. He agreed with Cyrus Vance that people always evaluate their progress with friends. They were unhappy because their achievements are worse than the others. (p. 35) Therefore he reminded that people not to compare and assess their progress with others, because different people do different things ,will have different progress, as long as compliance with their own plans on the line. p. 35-36) But learning from observing others ,and the through others to observe their own, then the combined best quality of themselves and others. (p. 36) In my opinion, successful managers need to have a correct plan; in order to achieve their positive goals. I think Walter Vieira missed this important point. Therefore, they should know how to assess whether their plan is feasible under environment efforts . For example, their plan need to change when financial crisis. Leadership skills Leadership is the central factor to influence a general manager's success.In the book Successful Management, Neville (1995) believes that leadership has five main dimensions: first, defining a vision is the preliminary stage. The best leaders are adroit at thinking the unique and picking up creativity . They are not faint-hearted of change. When the vision has been ascertained, leaders should be attain it (17-8). Second, he said that commitment to success is not only about eagerness, drive and the will to win, it is also about the interminability of preparation (18). Third, he believes that leader should communicate unabashedly and frankly.Because communicate can let the team learn more experiences from each other (18). Fourth, is challenging in status quo. Young managers should find more innovative solutions in the business market (19). Finally, is about the personal characteristics which are found in extraordinary leaders. He highlights that flexibility, enthusiasm, integrity, willingness to experiment, ability to inspire others, to build relationship, to inspire trust, to communicate and to delegate, those are most routinely emphasize in outstanding leaders(19).He concludes that intellect is missing from these five dimensions, it is not nonessential, just because the role of leadership is too wide and it is not always necessary to have high intellect (19). To a large extent, I agree with Neville that the five main dimensions of leadership. I believe that communication is the most important part of the leadership, it permeates every aspect of the business. All managers, especially those leading teams, they communicating with the workforce is a demanding and rewarding task. Interpersonal talent and skills A successful businessman must possess good communication skills.He should provide different channels for the staff to express opinions which helps understandings of companyâ₠¬â„¢s objectives. Effective communication with employees can ensure thorough understandings of leader’s decisions and expectations on their work. Maintaining a comfortable working environment can  encourage staff to be more willing to talk to their senior level (219). Reduced status difference (219) and enhanced staff morale help collection of employees’ feedbacks and  suggestions, which contributes to company improvements and also help ensure all staffs are working towards same goals.I believe a successful businessman should be a good leader and team player. It is very important that a person can share his knowledge and experience with his employees. He should ensure his messages and decisions can be effectively convey to them. To build up a good relationship with staff, he should respect and encourage them to participate in production and provide new ideas in work. Appreciation of work participation creates good staff morale and motivates them to work towards sam e organizational goals. A person will not be successful if he cannot work well with his subordinates and employees.Even if he has lots of marvelous ideas but no one is willing to work with him, he will only be a talented individual instead of a successful leader in the company. Risk management skills Living with, and challenged by risks, Nick Jackson believed that risk has tightly stick onto the business management agenda. Just as the key, people who learn for robust the risk management can succeed in their business. No matter what risk are the leaders facing, the major challenge is that how to identify, tackle and monitor the risk, and to plan for understandable, maintainable and applicable contingency plan.Not much people could reach this in industry today, he thought, they can recognize the risks whereas fail to observe the dormant influence or lost the sight of controlling systems. There are only less than 30% organizations can manage the risk well even not in effective way. (p. 38) Moreover, Nick stated that the ‘risk’ would be in some positive terms instead of negative. He regarded that people should not only keep improving in the way they manage the difficulties, but also focus on how to avoid from the negative impacts of self-satisfied when they are in advantages. (p. 42)I have been reminded by Nick Jackson that in every single moment, we cannot slack off from supervise the risk in any format. It required the all-round critical thinking. We cannot stop monitor the business from tackled one risk. It is hard and tough to handle this section in the business. And it is a great challenge to all businessman or administrator. g Conclusion â€Å"The productivity of work is not the responsibility of the worker but of the manager. † – Peter F. Drucker, Expert Management Consultant. All in all, the five abilities which stated on the above passages are inseparable.These five categories has shown that how can the manager strengthen the pr oductivity and competitiveness in the industry. They can end up this topic with one sentence, â€Å"Manage yourself well then lead the team to work with communication and risk management plan smartly. † Within this project, we recognized that these skills are not only applicable in the business related industry, but also in different criteria of different industries. In 21st Century, people deserve better quality of services and the bosses deserve higher efficiency of works from their staff. As the result, this paper will be valuable to majority of worldReference Bain, Neville. , â€Å"Management or leadership? † Successful Management. 1st ed. London: Macmillan Press Ltd,14-9. Print C. N. Cheng. â€Å"Communication in Business. † Introduction to Business Studies. (Revised Edition). 1st ed. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Educational Publishing Co, 2009. 212-231. Print Kinicki, Angelo. , and Williams Brian K. â€Å"The nature of leadership. † Management: A Practical Introduction. 4th ed. Americas, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, 2009. 436-38. Print. Nick, Jackson. â€Å"Risk is on the corporate agenda, but where does it fit? †Managing Business Risk. 3rd ed.Great Britain: Kogan Page Ltd,2006. Print Samson, Danny. , and Richard L. Daft. â€Å"Leadership in organisation. † Fundamentals of management. 2nd ed. South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Thomson Learning Australia, 2005. 427-31. Print. Susanne Madsen. â€Å"My Story:Work smarter not harder†Projectsmart. co. uk. Projectsmart ,10 September 2011. Web. 10 April 2012 Walter Vieira. Manager to CEO :corporate wisdom for survival and success. New Dehli/Thousand Oaks/London:Tejeshwar Singh for Response Book -stage Publications Inc,2005. print

Analyzing the effectiveness and drawbacks of current Land

Most of the prevailing laws or bills regarding land acquisition, resettlement, compensation, ululation seem inadequate and sources of lot of discordance. This research proposal seeks to analyze the impact of such acts and the reasons of protest and agitations by the affected people. It also aims to find out alternative solutions for such critical issues. In this research study the stakeholders are identified along with their stakes and various literature are analyzed to suggest a methodology for further research and to propose a common ground for amicable discussion and understanding of individual interests.Keywords Land acquisition, rehabilitation, resettlement, consent, compensation, voluntary acquisition, eminent domain, replacement value, public purpose, land valuation, market pricing 4 page Problem Description The 2011 Land Acquisition and Rehabilitation and Resettlement Bill , though well- intentioned, was seriously flawed. It attached an arbitrary mark-up to the historical mar ket price to determine compensation amounts.This will guarantee neither social justice nor the efficient use of resources. The Bill also place d unnecessary & strict conditions on land acquisition, like restrictions on the use of multi-cropped land and insistence on public purpose, all of which would hinder the pace of development thou promoting the interests of farmers. Many such flaws are tried to be addressed in ?The right to fair compensation and transparency in land acquisition, rehabilitation and resettlement act, 20131.While the process of industrialization is facing many problems that en De to be solved, the problem of land for industry and urban development is the most critical one. The fact is that people depend on land not only as title holders but also as landless laborers and share croppers, for natural resources and cultural inputs, for preservation of artisans and age old technologies, for community and family congregation. Often land is taken away without adequate co mpensation or without adequate opportunities for affected people to grow and resettle with dignity.This is inhuman and leads to all kind of contentious issues that have surfaced within the people move into cities, a trend that cannot be stopped, there has to be proper town planning and proper growth of our urban centre?a process that will increase the importance of land. 5 Page Problem Structuring Definitional Issues The experts felt that the bill does not clearly define what constitutes ‘rural' and ‘ urban' areas. This omission is bound to lead to litigation. It is essential to plug this loophole. The law still does not define or elaborate ?public purposes and again gives the State a free hand on this.Without defining the term ?urgency it makes special provisions for compensation if land is acquired under the ?urgency† provision. Also terms like ?eminent domain] (vests sovereign ownership of all land and natural resources embodied in the state, felicitating compul sory takings), ?replacement value], ?willing/unwilling seller] are ambiguous. Consent Consent' to sell?both in government and private and public-partnership projects APP)?is among the most contentious issues in land acquisition. What percentage of landowners consent is required?Should it be required from all land users (e. G. Those dependent on land like agricultural workers, wage laborers, artisans and landless peasants) or only from the land losers? Compensation The current scheme of compensation that the bill has laid down is two times the market price for urban areas and four times the market price for rural areas. These figures were arrived at without any rationale, from a ?top down approach. Affected people have no say on any aspect of the transaction?whether they want to give up he land or what would be a fair price.Institutional Support To understand the position of stakeholders and their needs in order to device a fair solutions, a three-tier institutional structure was moo ted: one for suggesting proposals, one for dialogue and another for decision-making. First one would include think-tanks or academic research organizations which use data, analyses it and make recommendations. Second one would bring 6 Page stakeholders together to deliberate on their respective positions. Finally, the last institution would be given the authority, constitutionally or organizationally, to take final decisions.Transparency would facilitate better evaluation, selection and determination of the market price for land as well as sharing of incremental gain from land development with affected people. Process efficiency implies clarity in legislation which would result in less litigation and realistic deadlines for all parties involved. On viability, there is a need to reach a common ground between the acquirer's right to profit and compensation rights. The experts held that companies acquiring land for public- private partnerships should be given limited control rights. St akeholder map Farmers / Residents Politicians MediaShare croppers Fisherman/ boatman Agricultural laborers Land acquisition for industrial/ developmental/ mining projects Tribal Environmental activists Industrialists Local population Citizens Government 71 page Specific stakeholder and Stake identification Stakeholders Farmers, Residents Stakes Lose the most, as they gives away their land, and don't get future benefits; farmers lose their basic earning activity With not enough land on their own, they need others' land for cultivation Termed as unskilled labor, their livelihood is at stake with decreased agricultural land, more so as they are mainly landless laborsTheir whole livelihood and culture exist around the region they live, as they are mostly dependent on the natural resources; more ever they normally do not have title to land, thus losing out all the benefits Without land, they can't build new plant, also without mining they have to depend upon foreign industrialists Respon sible for both growth & development with restrained inflation and preservation of environmental balance, ecology & citizens' rights Face maximum brunt of degraded environment, inflation, land scarcity Local population/ Directly impacted by industrial waste and effluence, restricted movement wrought land, absence of grazing ground/water body, increased land price Environment Worried with increased industrial waste & pollution and adverse effect on activist nature & biodiversity due to mass land acquisition for mining/industry Main source of information dissipation since internal and local information is seldom spread by industry or Gobo. Cross the county A major influence in creating public opinion on this issue, plus their vote banks can be determined by how they handle such cases 8 | Page Displaced people BOOT graph Pollution Amount Land price Industrial growth Biodiversity Job for agricultural labor Time Literature review Maturities Ghats and Apparatchiks Gosh, in an article (Octo ber, 2011) have analyzed the land laws and current situations and in their opinion the use of market price for voluntary transactions as a proxy for owners' value in forced acquisitions is measured by experts but rather a subjective quantity – it is whatever the owner deems it to be. They proposed an alternative approach allowing farmers to determine their land price, chose compensation in either cash or land and reallocate the remaining land in most efficient manner. It involves a land auction covering not only the project site but also the surrounding agricultural land.The advantages they put forward is that it is less coercive, it gives strong incentive to bid truthfully, it allows farmers to incorporate their own estimates of future land price inflation into their bids, thereby minimizing the chance of losing out compared to the neighborhood farmers. It also provides an option to leave the land remain as agricultural one incase acquisition effort fails. 9 | Page Vanish Ku mar in his June, 2011 article in PEP, has highlighted the violence in land acquisition by the government and UP government policy on this matter. According to him all episodes of agitation and demands are politicized and farmers find homeless entrapped in a situation where leaders encourage and support their agitations but do very little to tackle the problems. He considered State's role as a ?venture capitalist].He cited the UP policy as best among existing in the country. It introduced a process of negotiations in Greater Oneida with the local farmers leading to signing of a deed. The new policy makes land acquisition more profitable for the farmer defining the State as a mere facilitator. He provided scope for improvement, especially as small farmers and agricultural laborers have very little to gain in this hole procedure, but mentioned the fact that political parties have no intention to make consensus effort on this issue. Ashcan Inhaling and Edit Was (August, 2011)) mentioned the fact that often land-titles are unclear and identifying parties eligible for compensation is rendered difficult.All across the world, the state is gifted with the power to acquire land for public purpose by providing compensation to the landholders. This power directly vested in the constitution (in US, Australia and China) or, is specified in enacted legislation (in Hong Kong, Malaysia and Singapore). However the terms like _ public repose' are ambiguous. Countries like France, Japan, China, Mexico and India explicitly enumerate situations and projects under which land can be acquired or appropriated by the state for public use, whereas Malaysia, Brazil, US, UK and Singapore provide a more generic definition. Also the valuation and acquisition methods differ across the nations. In valuation, net income from land, original use, market value all such aspects are taken into consideration.Countries like Philippines where legal systems are not robust, land market is not well develo ped, or active reliable information in unavailable, 101 page ?replacement value (amount it would cost to replace the asset with a similar asset) technique. It is not easy to discern a set of international best practices with respect frameworks and philosophies laid down in the statutes should be treated as guidelines, incorporating flexibility into the land acquisition processes. Also they mentioned about the delaying in payment of the solarium to affected parties, which leads to dissatisfaction and consequent protests. They proposed negotiation in valuation, compensation, partnering, pool together (land pooling though farmers) many such methods.They cited the Pun example where 123 farmers pooled gather 400 acres of farmland along with a private limited company to build Magistrate city. Here the farmers continue to own the land, own shares in the company and collect dividends on these shares as well as rents from the tenants in the city (Magma, 2008). In an Editorial ? , Economic & Political Weekly] (PEP, August, 2011), the editor cited farmer agitation and state atrocities regarding land acquisition in Maharajah's. Farmers here had given land for Pun-Iambi express highway and similar projects in past, but they have grown steadily distrustful of the government's intentions due to unfulfilled promises.The state government's mishandling of the Naval farmers' agitation and the subsequent police firing causing death of three farmers was exceptionally inept. In Naval, they fear that they will no longer get water from the Pain dam which irrigates their land. Greater the fear about water meant for agriculture being diverted to industry or urban areas is also root-cause of their protests against the Sophia power project in Martial, which requires large amount of water from the Upper Ward dam. Going by the past record of most governments, people have a reason to be distrustful. Voluntarily surrender land for rejects provide no tangible benefits to them. A credible alte rnative to protect their livelihood and a proper compensation plan must be at place. 1 Page Augusta Marti (December, 2010) attempted to solve a key economic problem regarding land acquisition deals using some mathematical models incorporating the logic of an ?annuity or a ?royalty]. It has to do with the claim of the landowner over the future value of land once it is sold and put to alternative use. It also addressed to the adaptation of the so-called â€Å"Harlan† model that relies on predetermined annual payments to the farmers. His argument is that the government will tax a portion of the increased value from the buyer and redistribute it to the landowner acting as a legal taxing authority and not as a negotiator. In this case though the seller will forfeit his property right to the buyer, but will have a rightful claim on the capital gain tax.He also proposed to make this _claim paper' as traceable in market. He suggested for using a part of the taxation infrastructure at the central level for evaluating capital-gains on land and creating accounts exclusively for this purpose taking the buyer, the seller, the government and the option trader into confederacy to ensure that funds raised do not go towards other kinds of fiscal replenishments. Also one can track the transactions between the seller and the option trader. This option as a traceable instrument can satisfy the poor farmers without binding the buyers of land. Stowage Karakas (October, 2011) has seen the market exchange process acting as the main domain of mediating social relationships.He deciphered three interrelated problems with this political/policy position: absence of market for a particular land, non-availability of quantitative standard or reference to measure against Just and fair imposition, consent is not always a natural will as it has political significance beyond liberalism. According to him state must stay away from creating political condition to receive individual consent, rather it should accept the limitations of law and policy in resolving certain contentious issues, and remain open to contingency, by conferring priority to the democratic values of disagreement, dissent and 121 page plurality of modes of existence, only then it will learn to withdraw from prior commitment to any particular rationality and ideology. Ram Sings (May, 2012) has focused on laws that govern the acquisition and transfer f agricultural land for other purposes.He cited the history of eminent domain in India as unmitigated abuses of the law, which remains archaic and ambiguous. Also the callous approach taken by land acquisition collectors (LAG) to determine compensation is a point of discordant. In current situation lot of institutional hurdles like change-in-land-use (CLUB) clearance from the state government, other regulatory clearances from local authorities are there that thwart voluntary transactions. He argued that this is the reason the project developers are better- off bribing the powers that get them to acquire the needed land. He also mentioned poor land records and high transaction cost of individual land transfer.He suggested collective bargaining with the owners or their representatives, cost of compensation be paid by the entity benefiting from the acquisition, initial compensation itself should be determined in light of all of the relevant information, such as type of land, its future value, records of the sale deeds etc. He also argued for the reduction of compulsory acquisition. Colic Gonzales (August, 2010) has indicated the states' prerogative in becoming an estate agent of the companies for acquiring land for them. He analyzed land acts and the outcomes in chronological phases. According to him the Judiciary appears to have misread the mood in the country, providing _ public interest' the widest possible scope. Instead of mass protest, superior Judiciary remained unmoved, stuck to their notions of development unresponsive to the di stress of farmers, tenants and agricultural laborers.According to him, the way forward for Judiciary is to hold that irrespective of the contribution by government, all acquisitions for companies must follow Part VII of the Land Acquisition Act (ALA), which is 131 page acquisition for a company. This is understandable since State governments have come under total corporate control that their first priority is to spend large sums of state funds to assist corporations in the acquisition of lands using the Act. Cantata Lair-Duty, Radii Krishna, Ensnare Mad (February, 2012) in an article in owned companies for resource extraction in Shorthand and sighted that cosmetic changes in mineral governance laws are inadequate to protect the interests of the poor.Granting of mining blocks to private companies for ?captive] coal mining has thoroughly neglected the rights of the tribal. The state equates coal with national placement, energy security and hence strategic sovereignty to avoid the mora l quandary. By virtue of Coal Bearing Areas (Acquisition and Development) Act (CUBA), coal mining generally supersedes the community rights. Thus states change to ?broker states from the old developmental state. Coercion by both company representatives and state agencies is a characteristic of land acquisition in Shorthand. Apart from changes in land-use pattern and the creation of wastelands, mining causes large number of physical and occupational displacement, a fact that state seldom document correctly or address.Environment impact assessment (EIA) remains a toothless safeguard, not documenting possible impacts on local water availability nor assessing the ground-level impact of air pollution on surrounding communities and vegetation. The procedure never takes into account the tribal history, identity and livelihood entwined with the land. It has pushed many tribes into the verge of extinction. According to the authors, only a convoluted logic can equate coal mining by private co mpanies with public purpose or national interest. They asked for a new mineral extractive paradigm, one that does not inflict deep mounds on nature and people. They also asked for the consultation with gram Kasbah and consent of tribal communities for any mining project, 141 Page with the view of optimizing the level of royalties and consequent benefits to impacted communities.OSHA Rampant (November, 2011) has observed that by beginning with the premise that acquisition is inevitable and priority for industrialization, arbitration and infrastructure development, the LARK Bill 2011 has neglected the interest of the land losers. She raised question about state's legitimacy in facilitating the land rangers the way it does. She questions state's relationship with the land, whether it is a landlord, an owner, a trustee, a holder of land, a manager or what? She argued for the _affected families' who are dependent on forests or water bodies and which includes gatherers of forest produce, h unters, fisheries and boatmen and (those whose) livelihood is affected due to acquisition of land. Infant families who got land under any government scheme are also included.She also cited the effect of diluting ‘The Forest Rights Act 2006†² which helps in land acquisition through change of public repose -where acquisition is based on one purpose but it is used for another purpose. Another bill, _ The Land Titling Bill 2011' shifts the onus of keeping the records updated, even loss of acknowledgement of title to the land or interest in the land from the state to the individual. According to the author this bill is an attempt at communications of land, making it traceable in the land market. Michael Levine (March, 2011) has highlighted the controversies over Sees and large private mining projects in eastern India. According to him, the proposed amendments to the Land

Free Essays on Swifts Perception Of Mankind

Spenc Swift’s Perception of Mankind In Gulliver’s Travel’s, a classic work of high adventure and political satire first published in 1726, author Jonathan Swift contemplates both the fanciful imaginings of world travel and the oftentimes governmental structures of 18th century Europe. The novel can be both enjoyed and understood on two levels: on the surface it is a story of intrigue and adventure, but the underlying theme of the novel is one of political analysis and social criticism. As the title character wanders through various foreign lands, he sees different forms and styles of government in action; forms of government similar to those found in England and continental Europe during Swift’s own life and career. Swift’s distrust and dislike of the ruling authority in his own native England is not symbolized throughout the reading, and an overall rejection of European government and society is an important thematic element of the novel. Swift – through Gulliver – seems to l ong for the Utopian society found in the land of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver’s Travels – whether read as a simple story of fantasy or a intellectual social critique – stands the test of time and remains an important and highly readable piece of literature almost 300 years after it was written. Gulliver’s Travels leaves the reader with the strong impression that Swift was disappointed with mankind in general, as is evidenced by his critiques of the human species. Nevertheless, he seems hopeful about the possible future redemption of humanity, and holds himself up as the model example of the reasonable man. The first two voyages to Lilliput and Brobdingnag focus primarily on the negative aspects of English government and society, while the third and fourth voyages to Laputa and the Houyhnhnms are more general critiques of basic human nature. Much of Swift’s social critique is seen in implicit symbolism, most obviously in the descriptions of ... Free Essays on Swifts Perception Of Mankind Free Essays on Swifts Perception Of Mankind Spenc Swift’s Perception of Mankind In Gulliver’s Travel’s, a classic work of high adventure and political satire first published in 1726, author Jonathan Swift contemplates both the fanciful imaginings of world travel and the oftentimes governmental structures of 18th century Europe. The novel can be both enjoyed and understood on two levels: on the surface it is a story of intrigue and adventure, but the underlying theme of the novel is one of political analysis and social criticism. As the title character wanders through various foreign lands, he sees different forms and styles of government in action; forms of government similar to those found in England and continental Europe during Swift’s own life and career. Swift’s distrust and dislike of the ruling authority in his own native England is not symbolized throughout the reading, and an overall rejection of European government and society is an important thematic element of the novel. Swift – through Gulliver – seems to l ong for the Utopian society found in the land of the Houyhnhnms. Gulliver’s Travels – whether read as a simple story of fantasy or a intellectual social critique – stands the test of time and remains an important and highly readable piece of literature almost 300 years after it was written. Gulliver’s Travels leaves the reader with the strong impression that Swift was disappointed with mankind in general, as is evidenced by his critiques of the human species. Nevertheless, he seems hopeful about the possible future redemption of humanity, and holds himself up as the model example of the reasonable man. The first two voyages to Lilliput and Brobdingnag focus primarily on the negative aspects of English government and society, while the third and fourth voyages to Laputa and the Houyhnhnms are more general critiques of basic human nature. Much of Swift’s social critique is seen in implicit symbolism, most obviously in the descriptions of ...

Philosophical Quotes on Violence

Philosophical Quotes on Violence What is violence? And, accordingly, how should non-violence be understood? While I have written a number of articles on these and related topics, it is useful to look at how philosophers have synthesized their views on violence. Here is a selection of quotes, sorted out into topics. Voices on Violence Frantz Fanon: Violence is man re-creating himself.George Orwell: We sleep safe in our beds because rough men stand ready in the night to visit violence on those who would do us harm.Thomas Hobbes: In the first place, I put for a general inclination of all mankind a perpetual and restless desire of power after power, that ceaseth only in death. And the cause of this is not always that a man hopes for a more intensive delight than he has already attained to, or that he cannot be content with a moderate power, but because he cannot assure the power and means to live well, which he hath present, without the acquisition of more.Niccolà ² Machiavelli: Upon this, one has to remark that men ought either to be well treated or crushed, because they can avenge themselves of lighter injuries, of more serious ones they cannot; therefore the injury that is to be done to a man ought to be of such a kind that one does not stand in fear of revenge.Niccolà ² Machiavelli: I say that every prince must desire to be considered merciful and not cruel. He must, however, take care not to misuse this mercifulness. [†¦] A prince, therefore, must not mind incurring the charge of cruelty for the purpose of keeping his subjects united and confident; for, with a very few examples, he will be more merciful than those who, from excess of tenderness, allow disorders to arise, from whence spring murders and rapine; for these as a rule injure the whole community, while the executions carried out by the prince injure only one individual [†¦] From this arises the question whether it is better to be loved more than feared, or feared more than loved. The reply is, that one ought to be both feared and loved, but as it is difficult for the two to go together, it is much safer to be feared than loved, if one of the two has to be wanting. Against Violence Martin Luther Kind Jr.: The ultimate weakness of violence is that it is a descending spiral, begetting the very thing it seeks to destroy. Instead of diminishing evil, it multiplies it. Through violence you may murder the liar, but you cannot murder the lie, nor establish the truth. Through violence you may murder the hater, but you do not murder hate. In fact, violence merely increases hate. So it goes. Returning violence for violence multiplies violence, adding deeper darkness to a night already devoid of stars. Darkness cannot drive out darkness: only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out hate: only love can do that.Albert Einstein: Heroism by order, senseless violence, and all the pestilent nonsense that goes by the name of patriotism- how I hate them! War seems to me a mean, contemptible thing: I would rather be hacked in pieces than take part in such an abominable business.Fenner Brockway: I had long put on one side the purist pacifist view that one should have nothing to do with a social revolution if any violence were involved... Nevertheless, the conviction remained in my mind that any revolution would fail to establish freedom and fraternity in proportion to its use of violence, that the use of violence inevitably brought in its train domination, repression, cruelty. Isaac Asimov: Violence is the last refuge of the incompetent.